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.............................. Bank Of Scotland
Logo and Trademark..............................
Bank of Scotland plc is a commercial and clearing bank, based in Edinburgh, Scotland. With a history dating to the 17th century, it is the oldest surviving bank in what is now the United Kingdom, and is the only commercial institution created by the Parliament of Scotland to remain in existence. It was also the first bank in Europe to print its own banknotes, a function it still performs today. Since 10 September 2001 the Bank of Scotland has formed part of HBOS plc, following a merger with the Halifax Group (formerly the Halifax Building Society). The Bank owns a 50% stake in Sainsbury's Bank - the other 50% being owned by J Sainsbury plc. On 17 September 2007, The Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland became Bank of Scotland plc, as part of the HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006.
The arrival of North Sea Oil to Scotland in the 1970s, allowed the Bank of Scotland to expand into the energy sector. The Bank later used this expertise in energy finance to expand internationally. The first international office opened in Houston, Texas, followed by more in the United States, Moscow and Singapore. In 1987, the Bank acquired Countrywide Bank of New Zealand (later sold to Lloyds TSB in 1998). The Bank later expanded into the Australian market by acquiring the Perth based Bank of Western Australia.
A controversial period in the Bank's history was the attempt to enter the United States retail banking market via a joint venture with evangelist Pat Robertson. The move was met with criticism from civil rights groups in the UK due to Robertson's controversial views on homosexuality. The Bank was forced to cancel the deal when Robertson described Scotland as a "dark land overrun by homosexuals".
In the late 1990s, the UK financial sector market underwent a period of consolidation on a large scale. Many of the large building societies were demutualising and becoming banks in their own right or merging with existing banks. For instance Lloyds Bank and TSB Bank merged in 1995 to create Lloyds TSB. In 1999, the Bank of Scotland made a takeover bid for the NatWest Bank. Since the Bank of Scotland was significantly smaller than the English-based NatWest, the move was seen as an audacious and risky move. However, the Royal Bank of Scotland tabled a rival offer, and a bitter takeover battle ensued, with the Royal Bank the victor.
The Bank of Scotland was now the centre of other merger opportunities. A proposal to merge with the Abbey National was explored, but later rejected. In 2001, the Bank of Scotland and the Halifax agreed a merger to form HBOS ("Halifax Bank of Scotland"). The headquarters was to stay in Edinburgh, and both bank's brands would continue to be used.
Since then HBOS has grown to become the fourth largest bank in the UK by market value, and the UK's largest mortgage lender. In Scotland, all of the Halifax's branches have been amalgamated with the Bank of Scotland, with the Halifax brand only used for mortgages and savings products. Halifax branches in England have used the Bank of Scotland brand for business purposes.
In 2006, HBOS secured the passing of the HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006, a private Act of Parliament that would allow the group to operate in a more simplified structure. The Act allowed HBOS to make the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland a public limited company, Bank of Scotland plc, which is now the principal banking subsidiary of HBOS. Halifax plc transferred to Bank of Scotland plc, although the brand name will be retained.
Bank of Scotland was the first bank in Europe to successfully issue paper currency redeemable for cash on demand (which was an extremely useful facility given the poor state of the Scottish coinage at the end of the seventeenth century). The right to issue banknotes has been maintained to the present day, but extended to other banks after 1716 when the Bank's monopoly was allowed to lapse. Following the Acts of Union in 1707, the bank supervised the reminting of the old Scottish coinage into Sterling.
In 1826 there was outrage in Scotland at the attempt of the United Kingdom Parliament to prevent the production of banknotes of less than five pounds face value. Sir Walter Scott wrote a series of letters to the Edinburgh Weekly Journal under the pseudonym "Malachi Malagrowther" which provoked such a response that the government was forced to relent and allow the Scottish banks to continue printing £1 notes. For this reason Sir Walter still appears on all Bank of Scotland notes.
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