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.............................. Embraer
Logo and Trademark..............................
Embraer, the Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S.A., is a Brazilian aerospace conglomerate. The company produces commercial, military, and corporate aircraft, as well as providing related aerospace services. From 1999 to 2001 it was Brazil's largest exporter and is one of the three main exporters in Brazil. Among all aircraft manufacturers, it currently has the third largest yearly delivery of commercial aircraft (behind Boeing and Airbus) and the fourth largest workforce (behind Boeing, Airbus and Bombardier).
The company's headquarters, main production facilities, and engineering/design offices are in São José dos Campos, São Paulo. Embraer also has a production plant and flight testing facility in Gavião Peixoto, São Paulo state. This facility includes a 16,400 foot runway, the third-longest in the world. Embraer has maintenance and commercial sites in the USA and commercial offices in France, Singapore and China. As of October 5, 2007, Embraer had a workforce of 23,770 people, and a firm order backlog totalling US$17.2 billion.
The creation of a Brazilian aircraft manufacturer was planned during the 1940s by the Brazilian Government as part of a technical development formed by the General Command for Aerospace Technology (CTA), the Aeronautics Technological Institute (ITA) and Embraer.
The first step to the creation of a Brazilian aircraft industry was the creation of IPD - Instituto de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento (Research and Development Institute), current IAE - Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço (Aeronautics and Space Institute), which was born inside CTA, on January 1, 1954. In the following years, the IPD developed many aircraft projects, such as the Beija-Flor helicopter. Even without commercial expression, these projects were important to the advance of Brazilian aeronautics development.
The major change occurred on March 29, 1965, when IPD received a proposal of a turboprop transport from the French engineer Max Holste. A group of engineers led by Ozires Silva would turn this proposal into a larger scale project, the IPD-6504, or Bandeirante, which flew for the first time on October 26, 1968. IPD wanted the 6504 to move into serial production, but faced a lack of interest from private companies. It was clear that the creation of a government-owned company was necessary.
Finally, on July 29, 1969, Embraer was created by the Ministry of Aeronautics. By this time, the company had about 500 employees, including many former engineers from both CTA and ITA, and planned to build two Bandeirante aircraft a month. Ozires Silva became the president of the new company.
The three first series version Bandeirante were delivered in February, 1973 to the Brazilian Air Force. In the same month, Transbrasil bought the first commercial Bandeirante, which made its debut on April 16, 1973. Exports began in 1975, and the Bandeirante proved to be a huge success in the international aviation market, upstaging other aircraft of its category in performance. About 500 Bandeirante were sold, for 36 countries.
Brazil's Ministry of Aeronautics made large efforts to contribute to the growth of Embraer. Two existing projects, the Urupema glider, and the Ipanema agricultural aircraft, were transferred to the new manufacturer. A request for assembly in series of 112 Aermacchi MB-326 trainer aircraft (to be later designated Xavante), was also made. The Ipanema is still produced today, with more than 1,000 units sold. The Xavante was produced for 11 years, with 186 units sold.
In August, 1974, Embraer established a cooperation with Piper Aircraft to assemble many general aviation products by license, including the models PA-28 Cherokee, PA-34 Seneca, and PA-31 Navajo. These aircraft respectively received the designations of EMB 712 Tupi, EMB 810D Seneca and EMB 820C Navajo. All these products, plus the Ipanema, were transferred to Indústria Aeronáutica Neiva subsidiary in March, 1980.
On October 22, 1975, the company's first pressurized aircraft, the Xingu, made its inaugural flight. The aircraft was smaller than the Bandeirante, thus it didn't become a successor; a few dozens Xingu were built, with most being delivered to the French Air Force in 1981. By request of the Ministry of Aeronautics, Embraer developed its first combat aircraft, the Tucano, which made its inaugural flight on December 16, 1980. This aircraft became the most successful turboprop military trainer ever built, with more than 650 units sold around the world.
The development of a regional airliner able to replace the Bandeirante started in the end of the 1970s. This project took the form of a turboprop able to carry 30-40 passengers, the Brasilia, which was certified in May, 1985. Unlike the Bandeirante, the Brasilia begun its career as an exportation product, entering service with the American Atlantic Southeast Airlines (ASA). This was the result of the trust that Embraer gained in the international aviation market with the Bandeirante. The production of Brasilia officially ended on 2002, with 350 units sold; however, the aircraft may still be produced on demand.
In July, 1981, Embraer joined the AMX Program, which purpose was to establish a partnership to develop a subsonic fighter. Together with Aeritalia (current Alenia Aeronautica) and Aermacchi, Embraer worked on the development of the AMX fighter, which was later used to replace old military aircraft in Italy and Brazil. The first Brazilian AMX made its inaugural flight on October 16, 1985. This project gave Embraer access to new technologies, which would be crucial in the following projects.
The next commercial project was a 19 passengers turboprop developed in partnership with FMA (current Lockheed Martin Aircraft Argentina), the CBA 123 Vector, which made its inaugural flight on July 30, 1990. Although including some of the finest technologies available, the Vector wasn't accepted by the market because of its high price, and was cancelled without a single aircraft being sold.
By the end of the 1980s, government investments in the aerospace industry were largely reduced, due to the Constitution of 1988, which extinguished many forms of support to the industry, and due to the lack of interest in the defense area caused by the end of the Cold War. This, combined with the failure of the Vector project, and the crisis in the aviation segment caused by the oil price increase of 1990, made Embraer slide into a deep financial crisis. Massive cuts of expenses were made until 1994, and from the 12,600 employees the company had on 1990, only 3,200 remained. With all this happening, engineers of Embraer were focusing in a new project - a Turbofan regional airliner for 45 passengers, the ERJ 145.
Both Embraer and its main competitor, Bombardier, were engaged in a subsidy dispute in the late 90s and early 2000s. It was found by the World Trade Organization (WTO), in a 2000 ruling, that Embraer has received illegal subsidies from the Government of Brazil, designed to gain market share at the expense of international competitors. In its ruling, the WTO ordered Brazil to eliminate its Proex export subsidies program, designed to aid Embraer, and has also authorized foreign states to impose retaliatory trade sanctions against Brazil. Similar measures have also been taken against Embraer competitors.
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