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.............................. VCD Video Compact Disc
Logo and Trademark..............................
Video CD (aka VCD, View CD, Compact Disc digital video) is a standard digital format for storing video on a Compact Disc. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players, most modern DVD-Video players, and some video game consoles. The VCD standard was created in 1993 by Sony, Philips, Matsushita, and JVC and is referred to as the White Book standard. Overall picture quality is intended to be comparable to VHS video, though VHS has twice as many scanlines (approximately 480 NTSC and 580 PAL) and therefore double the vertical resolution. Poorly compressed video in VCD tends to be of lower quality than VHS video, but VCD exhibits block artifacts rather than analog noise.
352 horizontal pixels was chosen because it approximates the resolution of an analog VHS tape, assuming a 3 MHz bandwidth. In addition 352 equates to a DVD resolution of 704 divided by 2, making it easy to convert from one standard to another with ease. VCD video is mostly compatible with the DVD-Video standard, except for any video encoded at 23.976 frames per second. DVD-Video requires all MPEG-1 video to be encoded at either 25 or 29.97 frames per second.
The DVCD or Double VCD is designed to squeeze the most out of a CD. A non-standard CD is overburned to include up to 100 minutes of video. This format is seen only in China (although such titles can be found outside China, they're extremely rare), and the DVCDs are playable on many DVD or VCD players. However, some CD-ROM drives and players have problems reading these CDs, mostly because the groove spacing is outside specifications and the laser servo is unable to track it.
The XVCD (eXtended video CD) does not act around standard-conforming video CD (VCD) for storage of video data on a normal CD-ROM or CD-R (W), and thus offers a longer playing time.
A normal VCD is coded in the MPEG-1 format with a constant bit rate (CBR); i.e. all scenes are encoded with a standard 1150 kbit/s videostream independent of the content, whether it is a fast, movement-rich scene or a mostly-static, fixed-image scene.
The eXtended VCD is coded with a variable bit rate (VBR); i.e. the bit rate for fast scenes can be raised to approximately 2000 kbit/s, however, with very calm scenes it may drop to 300 kbit/s. In addition, one works with a changed Quantize matrix and around further storage location will win the bit rate of the MP2-Tons reduced, as well as if necessary additionally extended the GOP (Group OF Pictures).
By implementing these changes a feature of approximately 2 hours of length can be accommodated on only one CD. Besides VCD there are further variants for resolutions from 352 × 288 to 720 × 576 pixels and for the television standards PAL and NTSC, which are found under the column “eXtended”. Colloquially, XVCD for MPEG1, VCD resolution and a 1-CD datasize for a video file became generally accepted.
By close compliance (here “variable bit rate”) to the SVCD standard most DVD players can play XVCDs in the VCD resolution (352x288 PAL and/or 352x240 NTSC). Historically this extension of the format comes from the Asia, in order to store and show complete feature films on the simplest videoplayer using CDs, without incurring DVD licensing fees.
XVCD variants (XVCD, MVCD, KVCD, AVCD et alii) essentially differ by resolution, bit rate, GOP and the assigned Quantize matrix. Here attention should be paid if necessary to possible compatibility problems, e.g. within the range of permitted resolutions and/or extreme GOP values. MVCD/KVCD, e.g. CD formats (VCD), are priority. The DVD video specification is considerably stricter and leads to potential playing errors. This is very dependent upon DVD player model.
There are many non-standard variants of the standard Video CD, called (x)VCD. DVD players can have trouble playing these.
Popular (x)VCDs are KVCD, CVCD (a Spanish xVCD), S(x)VCD (a VCD but with vbr mpeg 2) and miniDVD. There is also SKVCD (or KSVCD) which does much the same thing as KVCD, but uses MPEG2 and adds some luxuries such as multiple audio streams and chapters. Some later flexible standalone players now support (K)SVCD, as the format has been endorsed by Philips, the custodian of all the CD standards.
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